miércoles, 1 de octubre de 2008

Naturaleza: Construcción social


Para los constructivistas la naturaleza es una construcción social. Y por tanto no existe una única naturaleza sino muchas.
Sociológicamente, no sabría bien como empezar a abordar este tema. Pero lo que esta claro es que en parte esta afirmación se aproxima bastante a la realidad. Y afirmo esto, puesto que todo lo que ha movido al hombre desde varios siglos ha sido su desmesurable afán de obtener beneficios de donde fuese. Sin importar que abolir o destruir a su paso, y lo primero que ha modificado ha sido la naturaleza.
El problema de todo esto, es que a pesar que ya en la escuela clásica existía una preocupación por el medio ambiente, podemos afirmar que esta preocupación se ha mostrado a lo largo del tiempo como algo difícil de integrar dentro del aparato conceptual de la economía. Dicho de otra forma, el medio ambiente ha quedado, durante siglos excluido del sistema económico.
Esto lo podemos observar, cuando el neoclásico, León Walras definió de forma clara que las características que el sistema económico debía poseer era el de un bien que pudiese ser apropiable, intercambiable, valorable y producitible. Atendiendo sólo a la primera característica, es evidente que el medio ambiente no está englobado por el sistema económico y esta idea ha funcionado en la economía durante muchas décadas, así que el hombre al ir desarrollando nuevas tecnologías y formas de explotar nuevas tierras para desarrollarse como país o incluso como municipio y obtener beneficios, fue dejando de lado las consecuencias de sus actos, con el único propósito de desarrollarse económicamente.
Una de las razones, nada justificables, por las que se ha ido destruyendo la naturaleza virgen, ha sido por la falta de legislación que ha habido durante mucho tiempo. El problema de esto, es que al no poner unas limitaciones se ha ido destruyendo por la mano del ser humano (mano esta que parece arrasar todo lo que toca, destruyendo hasta el más inhóspito rincón), siempre con el propósito del enriquecimiento. Lo malo es que hoy en día y a pesar que ya existe una legislación más estricta sobre medio ambiente, seguimos incluso con mayor fuerza que antaño, exterminando la naturaleza virgen.
Esta más que demostrado que la naturaleza debe existir en su forma natural, puesto que al ser modificada, lo que estamos alterando es el curso natural de las cosas.
Como economista, me preocupa muchísimo, como podemos llegar a crecer y desarrollarnos más económicamente sin tener que seguir destruyendo nuestros recursos naturales. Es una cuestión muy difícil, puesto que hasta ahora necesitamos explotar los recursos para obtener un gran crecimiento. Pero lo que esta claro, es que estos son limitados y no podemos seguir explotándolos de la manera que lo estamos haciendo.
Donde esta la solución, ¿se puede utilizar eficientemente los recursos necesarios para aumentar nuestro nivel económico, respetando la naturaleza? Yo creo que en el capitalismo que vive las sociedades actuales es muy difícil. ¿Debemos cambiar nuestro diseño de la sociedad?, ¿como decirle a los países que dejen de crecer?, ¿como cumplimos sin explotar los recursos los varemos de crecimiento a los que nos vemos sometidos por la Unión Europea?
Son tantas preguntas, que a pesar que una naturaleza virgen y protegida es mucho mejor, estamos inmersos en una sociedad que es hoy por hoy imposible de no terminar por exterminar al planeta.
Esta afirmación es penosa, pero se acerca mucho a la realidad, enmascaramos con leyes la defensa al medio ambiente, o la defensa al abuso de los niños, pero empresas como Niké siguen enriqueciéndose a costa de incumplir estas leyes. Y no pasa nada.
Se compran licencias para contaminar, los ayuntamientos apoyan a industrias contaminantes, como el caso de la cementera de San Vicente, por miedo a que cientos de trabajadores de ese municipio se queden sin trabajo y se pierdan posiciones económicas.
Se dan licencias para construir en zonas verdes y protegidas, el caso de mi Pueblo, en el que se ha hecho un geriátrico en el centro de una zona verde que además era un camino real.
¿Como poner freno a la destrucción del planeta, si las instituciones y gobiernos que mueven el mundo son las primeras que dan rienda suelta para su destrucción?
Se dice que toda piedra mueve montaña, pero lo malo es que estamos chocando contra muros de basalto que nos impiden proteger a lo que nos da la vida. Al planeta. Al final terminaremos hasta creando oxigeno para poder subsistir.

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